Lastarria volcano

Deformation is monitored by satellite radar interferometry. We utilized ERS, ENVISAT and SENTINEL data. Closer observations at the summit crater are derived from the German satellite mission TerraSAR-X. Because of the high resolution needs, data are acquired and processed in SPOT mode, leading to a spatial resolution better than 2m. The satellite radar raw data is available from the German Space Agency (DLR) on request. Contact of lead scientists: T.R. Walter and N. Richter

Near continuous time lapse camera monitoring was realized in 2011. Aim of the camera monitoring is the assessment of the visual intensity of the fumarole sites. Fumarole intensities are then characterized by modern computer vision approaches, applying change detection, intensity variance and frequency dependent time series analysis. Because of the harsh environmental conditions, the cameras had to be replaced in 2012, 2014 and 2015, shortly associated with a gap in the time series. Data available on request, contact of lead scientists: T.R. Walter and J. Salzer

High resolution topographic datasets are the basis for many follow up studies, including structural geology, geomorphology, but are also needed for correct assessment and processing of InSAR data and others. The use of UAVs allows for the acquisition of high resolution imaging data, greatly improving the resolutions of geomorphologic and structural data obtained by other methods. In different experimental campaigns we used lightweight cameras mounted on multicopter drones and on helium filled balloon-kites to acquire digital terrain models at centimeter scale resolution. Photo images are photogrammetrically processed using the Structure from Motion (SfM) approach, able to reproduce high resolution 3-D surfaces from 2-D photographs. Data available on request, contact of lead scientists: T.R. Walter

Apparent temperature measurements using forward looking infrared cameras. This measurement is done annually during each visit at Lastarria volcano. The FLIR camera, which operates in the 7.5–13 µm wave band, was calibrated to a temperature range of 0–500°C. The resolution of the FLIR camera used in this study was 640 × 480 pixels. We combined the camera with a 7° (f = 131) zoom lens with a 0.38 mrad instantaneous field of view.